Sodium-ion batteries are complementary to lithium-ion batteries for grid-scale energy storage applications due to lower cost, safety, and potential for sustainable supply chains. The past decade has witnessed enormous research efforts in developing hard carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Phenolic resins have received significant attention as hard carbon precursors due to their high carbon yield, highly cross-linked structure, low cost, mature technology, and excellent electrochemical performance of corresponding hard carbon anode. This Review exclusively highlights the state-of-the-art preparation of hard carbon from phenolic resins, and the electrochemical performance in sodium-ion batteries. Cross-linked resins are prepared from three phenolic monomers (phenol, resorcinol, and phloroglucinol) to produce hard carbon. The effects of carbonization temperature on the microstructure, and electrochemical properties of hard carbon have been summarized here. Hard carbon formation, and sodium storage mechanisms have been briefly outlined. Finally, this Review provides an industrial perspective on hard carbon production at scale.

中文翻译：

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用于钠离子电池的酚醛树脂硬碳阳极：综述

由于成本较低、安全性和可持续供应链的潜力，钠离子电池可以作为电网规模储能应用中锂离子电池的补充。过去十年见证了钠离子电池硬碳负极材料开发方面的巨大研究工作。酚醛树脂作为硬碳前驱体，由于其碳产率高、交联结构高、成本低、技术成熟以及相应硬碳阳极优异的电化学性能而受到广泛关注。本综述独家重点介绍了用酚醛树脂制备硬碳的最先进方法，以及钠离子电池的电化学性能。交联树脂由三种酚类单体（苯酚、间苯二酚和间苯三酚）制备而成，可生产硬碳。本文总结了碳化温度对硬碳微观结构和电化学性能的影响。已经简要概述了硬碳的形成和钠储存机制。最后，本综述提供了大规模硬碳生产的工业视角。