Cities are highly interconnected systems where specific interactions between various urban environments occur due to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) and Urban Pollution Island (UPI) effects. Four compartments of the environment (atmospheric air, road dust, streamflow, and people) are discussed for Moscow city. Long-term meteorological, radiative, air quality, and precipitation measurements, the non-hydrostatic regional numerical COSMO model, and extensive hydrological and geochemical sampling were used. To characterize mortality and UPI interaction, a family of distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) was applied. The study reveals increased aerosols concentrations which reduce the incoming solar radiation and increase the atmospheric longwave radiation. UHI strengthens the low-troposphere convergence due to urban breeze circulation and atmospheric circulation due to elevated surface roughness, the effect which leads to 11.6% heaviest precipitation increase compared to background values. Increased precipitation doubles streamflow rates and enhances the contribution of rain floods to annual flow. Similar geochemical associations with Sb, W, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu were found in aerosol PM, indicating transport and road dust impact. Finally, associations between high temperatures and human mortality which are generally stronger at high levels of air pollution for both PM and NO, and for lag 1 day and 2–6 days are discussed.

中文翻译：

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莫斯科特大城市的城市热岛和污染岛：城市环境分区及其相互作用

城市是高度互联的系统，由于城市热岛（UHI）和城市污染岛（UPI）效应，各种城市环境之间发生特定的相互作用。讨论了莫斯科市的四个环境部分（大气、道路灰尘、水流和人）。使用了长期气象、辐射、空气质量和降水测量、非静水力区域数值 COSMO 模型以及广泛的水文和地球化学采样。为了表征死亡率和 UPI 相互作用，应用了一系列分布式滞后非线性模型 (DLNM)。研究表明，气溶胶浓度增加会减少入射的太阳辐射并增加大气长波辐射。由于城市微风环流和地表粗糙度升高导致的大气环流，UHI 加强了低对流层辐合，导致降水量较背景值增加 11.6%。降水量的增加使径流量加倍，并增强了雨洪对年流量的贡献。在气溶胶 PM 中也发现了与 Sb、W、Zn、Cd、Pb 和 Cu 类似的地球化学关联，表明运输和道路灰尘的影响。最后，讨论了高温与人类死亡率之间的关联，这种关联在 PM 和 NO 的空气污染水平较高以及滞后 1 天和 2-6 天时通常更强。