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Pepper mild mottle virus intended for use as a process indicator for drinking water treatment: Present forms and quantitative relations to norovirus and rotavirus in surface water
Water Research ( IF 12.8 ) Pub Date : 2024-05-10 , DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121713
Takayuki Miura , Syun-suke Kadoya , Yohei Miura , Hiroyuki Takino , Michihiro Akiba , Daisuke Sano , Takanori Masuda

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) has been proposed as a potential indicator of human enteric viruses in environmental water and for viral removal during drinking water treatment. To investigate the occurrence and present forms of PMMoV and quantitative relations to norovirus GII and rotavirus A (RVA) in surface waters, 147 source water samples were collected from 21 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Japan between January 2018 and January 2021, and the concentrations of viruses in suspended and dissolved fractions were measured using real-time RT-PCR. PMMoV was detected in 81–100 % of samples in each sample month and observed concentrations ranged from 3.0 to 7.0 log copies/L. The concentrations of PMMoV were higher in dissolved fraction compared to suspended fractions, while different partitioning was observed for NoV GII depending on seasons. The concentrations of PMMoV were basically higher than those of norovirus GII (1.9−5.3 log copies/L) and RVA (1.9−6.6 log copies/L), while in 18 samples, RVA presented higher concentrations than PMMoV. Partial regions of VP7, VP4, and VP6 of the RVA in the 18 samples were amplified using nested PCR, and the genotypes were determined using an amplicon-based next-generation sequencing approach. We found that these source water samples included not only human RVA but also various animal RVA and high genetic diversity due to the existence of animal RVA was associated with a higher RVA concentration than PMMoV. Our findings suggest that PMMoV can be used as an indicator of norovirus GII and human RVA in drinking water sources and that the indicator performance should be evaluated by comparing to zoonotic viruses as well as human viruses.

中文翻译:


用作饮用水处理过程指示剂的胡椒轻度斑驳病毒:地表水中诺如病毒和轮状病毒的存在形式和数量关系



辣椒轻度斑驳病毒(PMMoV)已被提议作为环境水中人类肠道病毒的潜在指标,并用于饮用水处理过程中病毒的去除。为了调查地表水中 PMMoV 的发生和存在形式以及与诺如病毒 GII 和轮状病毒 A (RVA) 的定量关系,2018 年 1 月至 2021 年 1 月期间从日本 21 个饮用水处理厂 (DWTP) 采集了 147 个水样,使用实时 RT-PCR 测量悬浮和溶解部分中的病毒浓度。每个样本月的 81-100% 样本中均检测到 PMMoV,观察到的浓度范围为 3.0 至 7.0 log 拷贝/升。与悬浮部分相比,溶解部分中的 PMMoV 浓度较高,而 NoV GII 则根据季节观察到不同的分配。 PMMoV的浓度基本上高于诺如病毒GII(1.9−5.3 log拷贝/L)和RVA(1.9−6.6 log拷贝/L),而在18个样本中,RVA的浓度高于PMMoV。使用巢式PCR扩增18个样本中RVA的VP7、VP4和VP6的部分区域,并使用基于扩增子的下一代测序方法确定基因型。我们发现这些源水样本不仅包括人类 RVA,还包括各种动物 RVA,并且由于动物 RVA 的存在而导致的高遗传多样性与比 PMMoV 更高的 RVA 浓度相关。我们的研究结果表明,PMMoV 可用作饮用水源中诺如病毒 GII 和人类 RVA 的指标,并且应通过与人畜共患病毒和人类病毒进行比较来评估指标性能。
更新日期:2024-05-10
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