Perovskite solar cells have already demonstrated high radiation hardness substantially exceeding that of crystalline silicon and GaAs based solar panels commonly used in space. However, aerospace applications of PSCs require a number of other important prerequisites, among which the stability towards a combination of multiple stress factors characteristic of the outer space environment is of particular importance. Herein, we present an in-depth investigation of the influence of the Eu²⁺/Eu³⁺ redox pair on the intrinsic photostability of PbI₂ and complex lead halides. We confirm that the incorporation of europium effectively suppresses the photochemical production of metallic lead and other aging products. Furthermore, the Eu-modified methylammonium-free double cation perovskite formulation Cs_0.12FA_0.88Pb_0.99Eu_0.01I₃ demonstrated excellent radiation hardness under exposure to ultrahigh doses of gamma rays (5.5 MGy) and 8.5 MeV electron beams (fluences up to 3 × 10¹⁶ e per cm²) owing to the mitigated aging pathways such as radiochemical Pb⁰ formation and segregation of CsPbI₃ and/or FAPbI₃ δ-phases. Thus, the stabilizing effect of the Eu²⁺/Eu³⁺ redox shuttle was exploited here for the first time to substantially increase the stability of perovskite absorber materials with respect to three different stress factors simultaneously: light, gamma-rays and high-energy electrons. Further development of this research direction might facilitate commercialization of PSCs for aerospace applications.

中文翻译：

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用于将钙钛矿发射到太空的铕航天飞机：使用Eu2+/Eu3+氧化还原化学来提高复杂卤化铅的光稳定性和辐射硬度

钙钛矿太阳能电池已经表现出高辐射硬度，大大超过了太空中常用的晶体硅和砷化镓基太阳能电池板。然而，PSC的航空航天应用还需要许多其他重要的先决条件，其中对外层空间环境特征的多种应力因素组合的稳定性尤为重要。在此，我们深入研究了Eu ²⁺ /Eu ³⁺氧化还原对对PbI ₂和复杂卤化铅固有光稳定性的影响。我们证实，铕的加入有效地抑制了金属铅和其他老化产物的光化学产生。此外，经Eu修饰的不含甲基铵的双阳离子钙钛矿配方Cs _0.12 FA _0.88 Pb _0.99 Eu _0.01 I ₃在暴露于超高剂量伽玛射线（5.5 MGy）和8.5 MeV电子束（注量高达3 × 10 ¹⁶ e/cm ² )归因于减缓的老化途径，例如放射化学Pb ⁰形成以及CsPbI ₃和/或FAPbI ₃ δ相的分离。因此，这里首次利用Eu ²⁺ /Eu ³⁺氧化还原梭的稳定作用来显着提高钙钛矿吸收材料同时针对三种不同应力因素的稳定性：光、伽马射线和高能电子。这一研究方向的进一步发展可能会促进PSC在航空航天应用中的商业化。