Hydrogen is considered a clean and efficient energy carrier crucial for shaping the net-zero future. Large-scale production, transportation, storage, and use of green hydrogen are expected to be undertaken in the coming decades. As the smallest element in the universe, however, hydrogen can adsorb on, diffuse into, and interact with many metallic materials, degrading their mechanical properties. This multifaceted phenomenon is generically categorized as hydrogen embrittlement (HE). HE is one of the most complex material problems that arises as an outcome of the intricate interplay across specific spatial and temporal scales between the mechanical driving force and the material resistance fingerprinted by the microstructures and subsequently weakened by the presence of hydrogen. Based on recent developments in the field as well as our collective understanding, this Review is devoted to treating HE as a whole and providing a constructive and systematic discussion on hydrogen entry, diffusion, trapping, hydrogen–microstructure interaction mechanisms, and consequences of HE in steels, nickel alloys, and aluminum alloys used for energy transport and storage. HE in emerging material systems, such as high entropy alloys and additively manufactured materials, is also discussed. Priority has been particularly given to these less understood aspects. Combining perspectives of materials chemistry, materials science, mechanics, and artificial intelligence, this Review aspires to present a comprehensive and impartial viewpoint on the existing knowledge and conclude with our forecasts of various paths forward meant to fuel the exploration of future research regarding hydrogen-induced material challenges.

中文翻译：

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氢脆作为一个突出的材料挑战─全面回顾和未来方向


氢被认为是一种清洁高效的能源载体，对于塑造净零未来至关重要。绿色氢的大规模生产、运输、储存和使用预计将在未来几十年内进行。然而，作为宇宙中最小的元素，氢可以吸附、扩散到许多金属材料中并与其相互作用，从而降低其机械性能。这种多方面的现象通常被归类为氢脆（HE）。 HE 是最复杂的材料问题之一，它是由于机械驱动力和微观结构所表征的材料电阻之间在特定空间和时间尺度上错综复杂的相互作用而产生的，并随后因氢的存在而减弱。基于该领域的最新发展以及我们的集体理解，本综述致力于将 HE 作为一个整体来对待，并对氢的进入、扩散、捕获、氢-微观结构相互作用机制以及 HE 的后果提供建设性和系统的讨论。用于能源运输和储存的钢、镍合金和铝合金。还讨论了新兴材料系统（例如高熵合金和增材制造材料）中的 HE。我们特别优先考虑这些不太了解的方面。结合材料化学、材料科学、力学和人工智能的观点，本综述旨在对现有知识提出全面、公正的观点，并以我们对各种前进道路的预测作为结论，以推动氢诱导未来研究的探索物质挑战。