Microorganisms present on cotton fabric (CF) significantly affect its wearing comfort and pose potential threats to human health. This is mainly attributed to the porous and hygroscopic nature of CF, which easily adsorbs proteins, oily substances, and mineral salts, creating a favorable environment for microorganism proliferations. The bacteria firmly adhered to CF are difficult to remove by conventional washing, resulting in persistent stains. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying bacterial interaction with fibers and bacterial inactivation remain to be fully understood. Herein, we synthetized reactive Gemini quaternary ammonium salt (CGQ) and sulfopropylbetaine (CGB) to covalently bind onto CF, thereby engineering a customized antimicrobial and antifouling CF while preserving its physicochemical properties. Real-time monitoring of the bacterial inactivation process was also performed. The antimicrobial efficacy of CF finished with CGQ and CGQ/CGB, employing only 5.0 mg/mL antimicrobial concentration, surpassed 95 % against and 99 % against after 50 washes. The loosely adhered bacteria on CGQ/CGB-finished CF can be easily eliminated through conventional washing, resulting in an enduring antimicrobial and antifouling surface. Consequently, we have developed a straightforward strategy for the large-scale production of superior antimicrobial and antifouling CF, presenting a versatile solution with wide applications. Additionally, this method offers an efficient strategy for real-time monitoring of the microorganism inactivation process.

中文翻译：

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实时监测定制杀菌防污棉织物的细菌灭活过程，同时保持其理化性能和生物相容性

棉织物（CF）上存在的微生物显着影响其穿着舒适度，并对人体健康构成潜在威胁。这主要归因于CF的多孔性和吸湿性，很容易吸附蛋白质、油性物质和矿物盐，为微生物增殖创造了有利的环境。牢固附着在CF上的细菌很难通过常规清洗去除，从而导致污渍持续存在。此外，细菌与纤维相互作用和细菌失活的机制仍有待充分了解。在此，我们合成了反应性Gemini季铵盐（CGQ）和磺丙基甜菜碱（CGB）以共价结合到CF上，从而设计出定制的抗菌和防污CF，同时保留其理化特性。还对细菌灭活过程进行实时监测。以CGQ和CGQ/CGB完成的CF，仅使用5.0 mg/mL抗菌浓度，在50次洗涤后抗菌功效超过95%和99%。 CGQ/CGB 成品 CF 上松散附着的细菌可以通过常规清洗轻松消除，从而形成持久的抗菌和防污表面。因此，我们制定了一种直接的策略，用于大规模生产优质抗菌和防污 CF，提供具有广泛应用的多功能解决方案。此外，该方法为实时监测微生物灭活过程提供了有效的策略。