We include biodiversity impacts in forest management decision making by incorporating the countryside species area relationship model into the partial equilibrium model GLOBIOM-Forest. We tested three forest management intensities (low, medium, and high) and limited biodiversity loss via an additional constraint on regional species loss. We analyzed two scenarios for climate change mitigation. RCP1.9, the higher mitigation scenario, has more biodiversity loss than the reference RCP7.0, suggesting a trade-off between climate change mitigation, with increased bioenergy use, and biodiversity conservation in forests. This trade-off can be alleviated with biodiversity-conscious forest management by (1) shifting biomass production destined to bioenergy from forests to energy crops, (2) increasing areas under unmanaged secondary forest, (3) reducing forest management intensity, and (4) reallocating biomass production between and within regions. With these mechanisms, it is possible to reduce potential global biodiversity loss by 10% with minor changes in economic outcomes. The global aggregated reduction in biodiversity impacts does not imply that biodiversity impacts are reduced in each ecoregion. We exemplify how to connect an ecologic and an economic model to identify trade-offs, challenges, and possibilities for improved decisions. We acknowledge the limitations of this approach, especially of measuring and projecting biodiversity loss.

中文翻译：

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管理森林以保护生物多样性和减缓气候变化


我们通过将乡村物种面积关系模型纳入部分平衡模型 GLOBIOM-Forest，将生物多样性影响纳入森林管理决策。我们测试了三种森林管理强度（低、中和高），并通过对区域物种损失的额外限制来限制生物多样性损失。我们分析了减缓气候变化的两种情景。 RCP1.9 是较高缓解情景，其生物多样性损失比参考 RCP7.0 更多，这表明在缓解气候变化、增加生物能源使用和森林生物多样性保护之间需要权衡。通过注重生物多样性的森林管理可以缓解这种权衡，方法是：(1) 将用于生物能源的生物质生产从森林转向能源作物，(2) 增加未管理的次生林面积，(3) 降低森林管理强度，以及 (4) ）在区域之间和区域内重新分配生物质生产。有了这些机制，就有可能将潜在的全球生物多样性丧失减少 10%，同时对经济成果产生微小的变化。全球生物多样性影响的总体减少并不意味着每个生态区的生物多样性影响都减少了。我们举例说明了如何将生态模型和经济模型联系起来，以确定改进决策的权衡、挑战和可能性。我们承认这种方法的局限性，特别是在衡量和预测生物多样性丧失方面。