Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 25% commonly employ SnO₂ electron transport layers (ETLs) fabricated via chemical bath deposition (CBD) or commercial colloids. However, CBD is time consuming, while commercial colloids lack precise control over properties crucial for high PCE. Developing a superior SnO₂ colloidal solution with ultrafine particles, minimal defects, and homogeneous dispersibility for low-defect interfaces with perovskite is essential. We present a method to synthesize SnO₂ colloids in H₂O₂ solution, yielding 4–6 nm particles with reduced oxygen vacancies. Sonication and formamidinium chloride (FACl) addition promote defect-free interface formation with perovskites. Utilizing SnO₂-FACl ETLs, we achieve high-performance PSCs with a remarkable PCE of 26.05% (certified 25.54%). This success stems from reduced defects in the ETL and favorable charge transport with the perovskite film, offering a promising route for manufacturing high-quality SnO₂ ETLs crucial for highly efficient PSCs, with significant commercialization potential.

经认证的功率转换效率（PCE）超过25%的钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）通常采用通过化学浴沉积（CBD）或商业胶体制造的SnO ₂电子传输层（ETL）。然而，CBD 非常耗时，而商业胶体缺乏对高 PCE 至关重要的特性的精确控制。开发一种具有超细颗粒、最小缺陷和均匀分散性的优质 SnO ₂胶体溶液对于钙钛矿的低缺陷界面至关重要。我们提出了一种在 H ₂ O ₂溶液中合成 SnO ₂胶体的方法，产生氧空位减少的 4-6 nm 颗粒。超声处理和添加甲脒氯化物 (FACl) 可促进与钙钛矿的无缺陷界面形成。利用 SnO ₂ -FACl ETL，我们实现了高性能 PSC，PCE 高达 26.05%（认证为 25.54%）。这一成功源于 ETL 缺陷的减少和钙钛矿薄膜有利的电荷传输，为制造对高效 PSC 至关重要的高质量 SnO ₂ ETL 提供了一条有前途的途径，具有巨大的商业化潜力。