In the realm of Li metal batteries, the deployment of three-dimensional (3D) composite Li metal anodes has emerged as a significant strategy for mitigating dendrite growth. However, the inadequate Li-atom affinity of 3D hosts and the heterogeneous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on 3D composite Li anodes lead to unsatisfactory electrochemical performance. A promising strategy to curtail dendrite growth is to construct a 3D composite Li anode with a lithophilic 3D structure and a tailored SEI. Herein, we develop a novel “flotation” strategy to construct these 3D composite Li metal anodes through a simple one-step method. During the molten Li injection process, lithophilic ZnO directs molten Li into the host, whereas ZnF₂, ZnP_xx, or ZnS reacts with Li to form relatively less lithophilic LiF, Li₃P, or Li₂S which “floats” to the surface to participate in the formation of a LiF-, Li₃P-, or Li₂S-rich SEI on the anodes. These anodes demonstrate a lithophilic 3D structure and a robust SEI, thereby stabilizing the anode–electrolyte interface. Consequently, these anodes demonstrate excellent stability with enhanced interface kinetics. When integrated into full cells with LiFePO₄ (LFP) cathodes, these anodes exhibit superior electrochemical performance. These findings underscore the efficacy of this strategy in achieving dendrite-free anodes, paving the way for their application in high-energy-density devices.

中文翻译：

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在 3D 复合锂阳极上定制固体电解质界面的“浮选”策略


在锂金属电池领域，三维（3D）复合锂金属负极的部署已成为减轻枝晶生长的重要策略。然而，3D 主体的锂原子亲和力不足以及 3D 复合锂负极上的异质固体电解质界面（SEI）层导致电化学性能不理想。抑制枝晶生长的一个有前景的策略是构建具有亲石 3D 结构和定制 SEI 的 3D 复合锂阳极。在此，我们开发了一种新颖的“浮选”策略，通过简单的一步法构建这些 3D 复合锂金属阳极。在熔融锂注入过程中，亲石性 ZnO 将熔融锂引导到主体中，而 ZnF ₂ 、ZnP _xx 或 ZnS 与 Li 反应形成亲石性相对较低的 LiF、Li ₃ P 或 Li ₂ S，“漂浮”到表面参与 LiF-、Li ₃ P- 或 Li ₂ (LFP) 阴极集成到全电池中时，这些阳极表现出卓越的电化学性能。这些发现强调了该策略在实现无枝晶阳极方面的功效，为其在高能量密度器件中的应用铺平了道路。