Chronic pain, defined as persistent or recurring pain or pain lasting longer than 3 months, is a common childhood problem. The objective of this study was to conduct an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of chronic pain (ie, overall, headache, abdominal pain, back pain, musculoskeletal pain, multisite/general pain, and other) in children and adolescents. EMBASE, PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched for publications between January 1, 2009, and June 30, 2023. Studies reporting population-based estimates of chronic nondisease related pain prevalence in children or adolescents (age ≤ 19 years) were included. Two independent reviewers screened articles based on a priori protocol. One hundred nineteen studies with a total of 1,043,878 children (52.0% female, mean age 13.4 years [SD 2.4]) were included. Seventy different countries were represented, with the highest number of data points of prevalence estimates coming from Finland and Germany (n = 19 each, 4.3%). The overall prevalence of chronic pain in children and adolescents was 20.8%, with the highest prevalence for headache and musculoskeletal pain (25.7%). Overall, and for all types of pain except for back pain and musculoskeletal pain, there were significant differences in the prevalence between boys and girls, with girls having a higher prevalence of pain. There was high heterogeneity (I2 99.9%). Overall risk of bias was low to moderate. In summary, approximately 1 in 5 children and adolescents experience chronic pain and prevalence varies by pain type; for most types, there is higher pain prevalence among girls than among boys. Findings echo and expand upon the systematic review conducted in 2011.

中文翻译：

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儿童和青少年慢性疼痛的患病率：系统评价更新和荟萃分析。

慢性疼痛定义为持续性或复发性疼痛或持续超过 3 个月的疼痛，是一种常见的儿童问题。本研究的目的是对儿童和青少年慢性疼痛（即总体疼痛、头痛、腹痛、背痛、肌肉骨骼疼痛、多部位/全身疼痛等）的患病率进行最新的系统回顾和荟萃分析。检索了 EMBASE、PubMed、CINAHL 和 PsycINFO 2009 年 1 月 1 日至 2023 年 6 月 30 日期间的出版物。纳入了报告基于人群的儿童或青少年（年龄≤ 19 岁）慢性非疾病相关疼痛患病率估计的研究。两名独立审稿人根据先验协议筛选文章。纳入了 119 项研究，共涉及 1,043,878 名儿童（52.0% 为女性，平均年龄 13.4 岁 [SD 2.4]）。共有 70 个不同的国家参加，其中流行率估计数据点数量最多的国家是芬兰和德国（各 19 个国家，占 4.3%）。儿童和青少年慢性疼痛的总体患病率为20.8%，其中头痛和肌肉骨骼疼痛的患病率最高（25.7%）。总体而言，对于除背痛和肌肉骨骼疼痛之外的所有类型的疼痛，男孩和女孩之间的患病率存在​​显着差异，其中女孩的疼痛患病率较高。存在高度异质性（I2 99.9%）。总体偏倚风险为低至中等。总之，大约五分之一的儿童和青少年患有慢性疼痛，并且患病率因疼痛类型而异；对于大多数类型来说，女孩的疼痛患病率高于男孩。调查结果呼应并扩展了 2011 年进行的系统审查。