Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-75dct Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-01T11:53:13.729Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Non-deep simple and deep simple morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of three species of Ilex from subtropical and tropical regions of Taiwan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 February 2023

Chiung-Pin Liu Open the ORCID record for Chiung-Pin Liu [Opens in a new window] ,
Shun-Ying Chen ,
Carol C. Baskin  and
Ching-Te Chien
Chiung-Pin Liu*
Affiliation:
Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
Shun-Ying Chen
Affiliation:
Lienhuachih Research Center, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 43 Hualong Lane, Yuchi Township, Nantou County 55543, Taiwan
Carol C. Baskin
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
Ching-Te Chien
Affiliation:
Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nan-Hai Road, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
*
*Author For Correspondence: Chiung-Pin Liu, E-mail: cpliu@nchu.edu.tw
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Dormancy-breaking requirements and level of morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) were determined for seeds of Ilex formosana and I. uraiensis from the subtropical region, and seeds of I. rotunda from both the subtropical and tropical regions of Taiwan. We hypothesized that some Ilex species would have deep simple MPD broken by warm stratification. Germination of seeds and embryo growth was monitored at 30/20, 25/15, 20/10, 15/5°C and at 25°C. Seeds were cold-stratified and then incubated at 25/15°C, and seeds treated with GA3 and GA4 were incubated at 25/15°C. Fresh seeds reached 50% germination after 11–45 weeks of warm stratification. Pre-treatment with GA increased germination percentages of I. formosana and I. rotunda (tropical) but not I. uraiensis and I. rotunda (subtropical), while cold stratification did not promote germination of either species but increased the germination rate of I. rotunda (tropical). Embryo length in seeds of all species increased ≥710% prior to root emergence, and growth occurred during warm stratification. The positive response to GA and relatively short time for beginning of germination and to reach 50% germination indicate non-deep simple MPD in seeds of I. formosana and I. rotunda (tropical). The negative response to GA and long time for beginning of germination and to reach 50% germination indicate deep simple MPD in seeds of I. uraiensis and I. rotunda (subtropical). Thus, in both the subtropical and tropical regions of Taiwan, the seeds of Ilex species have non-deep simple and deep simple MPD that are broken by warm stratification. Furthermore, GA treatment increases the germination rate and percentage of Ilex seeds with non-deep simple MPD, and cold stratification promotes the seed germination rate of Ilex species with non-deep simple MPD in tropical region.

Keywords

cold stratificationembryo lengthgibberellinsIlexmorphophysiological dormancyseed germinationseed length ratiounderdeveloped embryo
Type
Research Paper
Information
Seed Science Research , Volume 33 , Issue 1 , March 2023 , pp. 50 - 57
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barton, LV and Thornton, NC (1947) Germination and sex population studies of Ilex opaca Ait. Contributions from Boyce Thompson Institute 14, 405–410.Google Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2004) A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research 14, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, CC and Baskin, JM (2014) Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination (2nd edn). San Diego, CA, Academic Press/Elsevier.Google Scholar
Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2021) The great diversity in kinds of seed dormancy: a revision of the Nikolaeva-Baskin classification system for primary seed dormancy. Seed Science Research 31, 249–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chien, CT, Chen, SY, Chien, TY, Baskin, JM and Baskin, CC (2011) Nondeep simple morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of Ilex maximowicziana from northern (subtropical) and southern (tropical) Taiwan. Ecological Research 26, 163–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuénoud, P, Del Pero Martinez, MA, Loizeau, PA, Spichiger, R, Andrews, S and Manen, JF (2000) Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Ilex L. (Aquifoliaceae). Annals of Botany 85, 111–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galíndez, G, Ceccato, D, Bubillo, R, Lindow-López, L, Malagrina, G, Ortega-Baes, P and Baskin, CC (2018) Three levels of simple morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) species from Argentina. Seed Science Research 28, 131–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, SY (1953) Ilex in Taiwan and the Liukiu islands. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 34, 138–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, CY (1975) In vitro culture of rudimentary embryos of eleven Ilex species. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 100, 221–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Seed Testing Association (2007) ISTA handbook on moisture determination (1st edition). Nijënstein, H, Nydam, J, Don, R, McGill, C (Eds). Bassersdorf, Switzerland, International Seed Testing Association.Google Scholar
Ives, SA (1923) Maturation and germination of seeds of Ilex opaca. Botanical Gazette 76, 60–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loizeau, PA, Barriera, G, Manen, JF and Broennimann, O (2005) Towards an understanding of the distribution of Ilex L. (Aquifoliaceae) on a world-wide scale. Biologiske Skrifter 55, 501–520.Google Scholar
Lu, SY (1993) Aquifoliaceae, pp. 621–639 in Editorial committee of the Flora of Taiwan (Ed.) Flora of Taiwan (vol. 3, 2nd edn). Taiwan, Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan.Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, MG (1969) Physiology of deep dormancy in seeds. Leningrad, Izdatel'stvo, Nauka (Translated from Russian by Z. Shapiro, NSF, Washington, DC).Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, MG, Rasumova, MV and Gladkova, VN (1985) Reference book on dormant seed germination. Danilova, MF (Ed.). Leningrad, ‘Nauka’ Publishers (in Russian).Google Scholar
Ng, FSP (1991) Manual of forest fruits, seeds and seedlings (vol. 1). Kuala Lumpur, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia.Google Scholar
Tezuka, T, Yokoyama, H, Tanaka, H, Shiozaki, S and Oda, M (2013) Factors affecting seed germination of Ilex latifolia and I. rotunda. HortScience 48, 352–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsang, AC and Corlett, RT (2005) Reproductive biology of the Ilex species (Aquifoliaceae) in Hong Kong, China. Canadian Journal of Botany 83, 1645–1654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, BSP, Lin, TP and Chang, TT (1998) Control of fungal growth with sphagnum for cold stratification and germination of tree seeds. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science 13, 101–108.Google Scholar
Yang, Y, Chen, SY, Yang, GJ and Chien, CT (2014) Seed dormancy and germination of Ilex asprella. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 47, 121–136. (in Chinese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Yao, X, Song, Y, Yang, JB, Tan, YH and Corlett, RT (2021) Phylogeny and biogeography of the hollies (Ilex L., Aquifoliaceae). Journal of Systematics and Evolution 59, 73–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, JA and Young, CG (1992) Seeds of woody plants in North America, revised and enlarged edition. Portland, Dioscorides Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Liu et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S3

Download Liu et al. supplementary material(File)
File 18.9 KB