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Reconstruction of global ionospheric TEC maps from IRI-2020 model based on deep learning method

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Abstract

The Total Electron Content (TEC) computed from ionospheric models is a widely used parameter for characterizing the morphological structure of the ionosphere. The global TEC maps from empirical models, like the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model, have limited accuracy compared to those calculated by dual-frequency measurements from the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). We have developed a reconstructed IRI TEC model for generating high-precision global TEC maps based on a deep learning method. For this, we have collected 48,204 pairs of global TEC maps from the IRI-2020 model and Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM) model with 2-h time resolution from 2009 to 2019 covering the whole solar cycle 24. The daily solar radio flux (F10.7), sunspot number (SSN), Dst, and Kp indices are also introduced as input features to train the model. We have investigated the optimum combination of the input parameters for the reconstructed TEC model and compared the performance of the model during the years with high and low solar activity levels. Results show that the reconstructed TEC model with F10.7 and Kp features has a better performance compared to that considering all solar and geomagnetic indices. The global TEC maps predicted from our model are much more consistent with the corresponding TEC maps from the GIM model than those from the IRI-2020 model. Especially, the large-scale equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) crests and the pronounced enhancement of TEC are well predicted by the reconstructed TEC model. From statistical metrics, the accuracy of the reconstructed TEC model increased by 40.8% during the high solar activity year 2015 and 43.0% during the low solar activity year 2018 compared with the IRI-2020 model. The prediction performance of the reconstructed TEC model also shows better accuracy during the storm periods.

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Data availability

The GIM TEC maps are available from the CAS analysis center (ftp://ftp.gipp.org.cn/product/ionex/). The daily solar radio flux (F10.7), sunspot number (SSN), Dst, and Kp indices are available from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb (https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html). The IRI‐2020 model source code in Fortran was available from the IRI homepage (http://www.irimodel.org/).

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 41721003, 41874033, 42142037). The authors acknowledge the IRI Working Group for providing the IRI-2016 model, the CAS analysis center for providing the gridded TEC data, and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) for providing solar and geomagnetic indices.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China

    Xin Gao, Yibin Yao & Yang Wang

  2. Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China

    Yibin Yao

  3. Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430079, China

    Yibin Yao

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  1. Xin Gao
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  2. Yibin Yao
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Contributions

YBY and XG provided the initial idea and designed the research; XG and Yang Wang developed the program and processed data; XG wrote the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the analysis and manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yibin Yao.

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Gao, X., Yao, Y. & Wang, Y. Reconstruction of global ionospheric TEC maps from IRI-2020 model based on deep learning method. J Geod 98, 10 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-023-01818-x

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