Abstract
The S saturation and oxidation states of arc magmas are important factors in the formation of porphyry Cu–Au deposits. The Milin juvenile lower crustal cumulates (86.7–84.3 Ma) in the Gangdese provide insights into how sulfide saturation and oxidation states control porphyry mineralization. Zircons from the cumulates have low Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios (21–90) and reduced oxygen fugacities (ΔFMQ–1.8±0.5), which cannot be explained by fractional crystallization or crustal contamination, suggesting inheritance from a mantle source. Partial melting of the mantle under reduced conditions produced a sulfide-saturated primary arc magma with low chalcophile element contents owing to the residual sulfide in the mantle. The Milin lower crustal cumulates contain sulfides, indicating that the magma reached sulfide saturation in the early stages of magmatic differentiation. Based on our model, the primary arc magma before sulfide saturation contained 66.7 ppm Cu and 1.0 ppb Au. The residual magma after sulfide saturation in the lower crust contained 33–66 ppm Cu, 0.13–0.93 ppb Au; i.e., lower contents than those in arc basalts worldwide. Both these factors hindered the formation of Late Cretaceous large porphyry Cu–Au deposits in the Gangdese belt. Remelting of the Milin sulfide-rich cumulates can generate a Cu-rich andesitic magma only under high temperature and high-fO2 conditions, and a melt with low Cu content under low temperature even high-fO2 conditions. Thus, the temperature plays a crucial role in the remelting of the lower crust whether provide enough metals to match the Gangdese Miocene post-collisional porphyry Cu deposit.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Dapeng Wang and Yifan Yin for their help in the platinum-group elements analysis, and thank Yanwen Tang, and Junjie Han for their help in the zircon chemistry analysis. The helpful and constructive reviews by Zoltan Zajacz and an anonymous reviewer on this version are greatly appreciated and significantlyimproved the quality of the paper. Editor Eduardo Mansur is thanked for handling this paper.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42122024, 42121003), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) (2019QZKK0806-02), CAS “Light of West China” Program (xbzg-zdsys-202310), Guizhou Provincial High level Innovation Talent program (GCC[2023]057) and Guizhou Provincial 2021 Science and Technology Subsidies (No. GZ2021SIG).
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Supplementary information
ESM 1
Supplementary Figure 1: Plots of (a) Pt, (b) Pd, (c) Ir, (d) Ru, (e) Cu, and (f) Au versus MgO contents for the Milin mafic–ultramafic cumulates. Supplementary Figure 2: Plots of (a) Pt, (b) Pd, (c) Rh, (d) PGEs, (e) Cu, and (f) Au versus S contents for the Milin mafic–ultramafic cumulates. (PDF 418 kb)
ESM 2
Supplementary Table 1: LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating data for the Milin mafic–ultramafic cumulates (XLSX 23 kb)
ESM 3
Supplementary Table 2: Zircon Hf isotope results for the Milin mafic–ultramafic cumulates (XLSX 18 kb)
ESM 4
Supplementary Table 3: Zircon trace element compositions for the Milin mafic–ultramafic cumulates (XLSX 30 kb)
ESM 5
Supplementary Table 4: Whole-rock major (wt%) and trace element (ppm) compositions of the Milin mafic–ultramafic cumulates (XLSX 18 kb)
ESM 6
Supplementary Table 5: The fertile and barren porphyry composition characteristics of different ages in Gangdese belt (XLSX 12 kb)
ESM 7
Supplementary Table 6: The estimated chalcophile element contents of the primary arc magma generated by partial melting of the mantle wedge under reduced conditions (XLSX 11 kb)
ESM 8
Supplementary Table 7: The estimated contents of chalcophile elements in the melt produced by remelting of the Milin mafic–ultramafic cumulates (XLSX 11 kb)
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Sun, JL., Bai, ZJ., Zhong, H. et al. Sulfide saturation in reduced magmas during generation of the Gangdese juvenile lower crust: Implications for porphyry Cu–Au mineralization in the Gangdese belt, Tibet. Miner Deposita (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-024-01269-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-024-01269-0