Abstract
The problems concerning the insufficient level of associated petroleum gas (APG) processing are discussed. Various models are proposed for the chemical utilization of APG, including the production of synthesis gas, methanol, dimethyl ether, ammonia, as well as the processes of aromatization of hydrocarbons, etc. The possibility of using APG as a fuel for generating electricity is discussed. Attention is paid to the processes of APG purification from sulfur impurities. Difficulties and solutions to the problems of the energy sector of APG utilization are discussed.
Funding source: The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the governmental assignment for Boreskov Institute of Catalysis.
Award Identifier / Grant number: Project FWUR-2024-0033
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: Uskov S.I.: analysis and discussion of the literature data, work on the text of the manuscript, making changes in accordance with the comments of reviewers. Potemkin D.I.: analysis and discussion of literature data. Urlukov A.S.: analysis and discussion of literature data. Snytnikov P.V.: analysis and discussion of literature data. The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
-
Research funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the governmental assignment for Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (project FWUR-2024-0033).
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
References
Abu, R., Patchigolla, K., and Simms, N. (2023). A review on qualitative assessment of natural gas utilisation options for eliminating routine Nigerian gas flaring. Gases 3: 1–24, https://doi.org/10.3390/gases3010001.Search in Google Scholar
Aldoshin, S.M., Arutyunov, V.S., Savchenko, V.I., Sedov, I.V., and Makaryan, I.A. (2016). New horizons of low-tonnage gas chemistry. Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. 86: 719–727.10.1134/S1019331616040067Search in Google Scholar
Al-Hamamre, Z., Voß, S., and Trimis, D. (2009). Hydrogen production by thermal partial oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels in porous media based reformer. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34: 827–832, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.10.085.Search in Google Scholar
Almind, M.R., Vendelbo, S.B., Hansen, M.F., Vinum, M.G., Frandsen, C., Mortensen, P.M., and Engbæk, J.S. (2020). Improving performance of induction-heated steam methane reforming. Catal. Today 342: 13–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.05.005.Search in Google Scholar
Almind, M.R., Vinum, M.G., Wismann, S.T., Hansen, M.F., Vendelbo, S.B., Engbæk, J.S., Mortensen, P.M., Chorkendorff, I., and Frandsen, C. (2021). Optimized CoNi nanoparticle composition for Curie-temperature-controlled induction-heated catalysis. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 4: 11537–11544, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c01941.Search in Google Scholar
Anderson, R.B., Kölbel, H., and Ralek, M. (1984). The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Academic Press, New York.Search in Google Scholar
Arutyunov, V.S. (2019). Technological prospects of noncatalytic partial oxidation of light alkanes. Rev. Chem. Eng. 37: 99–123, https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2018-0057.Search in Google Scholar
Arutyunov, V.S., Savchenko, V.I., Sedov, I.V., Fokin, I.G., Nikitin, A.V., and Strekova, L.N. (2015). New concept for small-scale GTL. Chem. Eng. J. 282: 206–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.02.082.Search in Google Scholar
Arutyunov, V.S., Golubeva, I.A., Eliseev, O.L., and Zhagfarov, F.G. (2023). Technology of hydrocarbon gas processing. Yurayt, Moscow, (In Russian).Search in Google Scholar
Atimtay, A.T. (2001). Cleaner energy production with integrated gasification combined cycle systems and use of metal oxide sorbents for H2S cleanup from coal gas. Clean Prod. Process. 2: 197–208, https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00011306.Search in Google Scholar
Avcı, K., Trimm, L., Aksoylu, A.E., and Onsan, Z.I. (2004). Hydrogen production by steam reforming of n-butane over supported Ni and Pt-Ni catalysts. Appl. Catal. Gen. 258: 235–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2003.09.016.Search in Google Scholar
Azizi, Z., Rezaeimanesh, M., Tohidian, T., and Rahimpour, M.R. (2014). Dimethyl ether: a review of technologies and production challenges. Chem. Eng. Process. 82: 150–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2014.06.007.Search in Google Scholar
Barrera, J.L., Hartvigsen, J.J., Hollist, M., Pike, J., Yarosh, A., Fullilove, N.P., and Beck, V.A. (2023). Design optimization of integrated cooling inserts in modular Fischer-Tropsch reactors. Chem. Eng. Sci. 268: 118423, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2022.118423.Search in Google Scholar
Blom, P.W.E. and Basson, G.W. (2013). Non-catalytic plasma-arc reforming of natural gas with carbon dioxide as the oxidizing agent for the production of synthesis gas or hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38: 5684–5692, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.042.Search in Google Scholar
Bo, Z., Yang, Y., Chen, J., Yu, K., Yan, J., and Cen, K. (2013). Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition synthesis of vertically oriented graphene nanosheets. Nanoscale 5: 5180–5204, https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr33449j.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Bonura, G., Cordaro, M., Cannilla, C., Arena, F., and Frusteri, F. (2014). The changing nature of the active site of Cu-Zn-Zr catalysts for the CO2 hydrogenation reaction to methanol. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 152–153: 152–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.01.035.Search in Google Scholar
Bradford, M.C.J. and Vannice, M.A. (1999). CO2 reforming of CH4. Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng. 41: 1–42, https://doi.org/10.1081/cr-100101948.Search in Google Scholar
Buzcu-Guven, B., Harriss, R., and Hertzmark, D. (2010). Gas flaring and venting: extent, impacts and remedies. James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, Available at: <https://repository.rice.edu/items/abbe7a2d-2c53-451c-81aa-8a23dde3cb8b> (Accessed 29 March 2024).Search in Google Scholar
Cavalcanti, F.A.P., Stakheev, A.Yu., and Sachtler, W.M.H. (1992). Direct synthesis of methanol, dimethyl ether, and paraffins from syngas over Pd/Zeolite Y catalysts. J. Catal. 134: 226–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(92)90224-6.Search in Google Scholar
Chabot, G., Guilet, R., Cognet, P., and Gourdon, C. (2015). A mathematical modeling of catalytic milli-fixed bed reactor for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: influence of tube diameter on Fischer Tropsch selectivity and thermal behavior. Chem. Eng. Sci. 127: 72–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2015.01.015.Search in Google Scholar
Chekushina, T., Shcherba, V., Gomes, A.Ch.S., and Vorobyov, K. (2022). Analysis of associated petroleum gas utilization in Russia and abroad. Subsurf. Manag. Transport. Syst. 12: 53–61, https://doi.org/10.18503/smts-2022-12-2-53-61.Search in Google Scholar
Chou, C.Y. and Lobo, R.F. (2019). Direct conversion of CO2 into methanol over promoted indium oxide-based catalysts. Appl. Catal. Gen. 583: 117144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2019.117144.Search in Google Scholar
Cohen, K., Blanchard, J.Jr., Rodriguez, P., Kelly, K., Dorman, J.A., and Dooley, K.M. (2024). Non-Catalytic direct partial oxidation of methane to methanol in a Wall-Coated microreactor. Chem. Eng. J. 482: 149049.10.1016/j.cej.2024.149049Search in Google Scholar
Corbo, P. and Migliardini, F. (2007). Hydrogen production by catalytic partial oxidation of methane and propane on Ni and Pt catalysts. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 32: 55–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.06.032.Search in Google Scholar
Davies, E.E. and Kolombos, A.J. (1978). Process for converting C3-C12 hydrocarbons to aromatics over gallia-activated zeolite, application no. 4180689.Search in Google Scholar
de Klerk, A. (2020). Transport fuel: biomass-, coal-, gas- and waste-to-liquids processes. In: Letcher, T.M. (Ed.). Future energy, 3rd ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 199–226.10.1016/B978-0-08-102886-5.00010-4Search in Google Scholar
Detz, C.M. and Field, L.A. (1980). Benzene synthesis, Application no. 4347394.Search in Google Scholar
Dieterich, V., Buttler, A., Hanel, A., Spliethoff, H., and Fendt, S. (2020). Power-to-liquid via synthesis of methanol, DME or Fischer–Tropsch-fuels: a review. Energy Environ. Sci. 13: 3207–3252, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01187h.Search in Google Scholar
Dong, T., Fei, Q., Genelot, M., Smith, H., Laurens, L.M.L., Watson, M.J., and Pienkos, P.T. (2017). A novel integrated biorefinery process for diesel fuel blendstock production using lipids from the methanotroph, Methylomicrobium buryatense. Energy Convers. Manag. 140: 62–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.02.075.Search in Google Scholar
Dummer, N.F., Willock, D.J., He, Q., Howard, M.J., Lewis, R.J., Qi, G., Taylor, S.H., Xu, J., Bethell, D., Kiely, C.J., et al.. (2023). Methane oxidation to methanol. Chem. Rev. 123: 6359–6411, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00439.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Emam, E.A. (2015). Gas flaring in industry: an overview. Petrol. Coal 57: 532–555.Search in Google Scholar
ERTA Group (2011). Russian gas industry and the main trends in its development: gas processing, production and supply of liquefied gas, ERTA Group. (in Russian). Available at: http://gasforum.ru/obzory-i-issledovaniya/240/ (Accessed 11 March 2024).Search in Google Scholar
Espinosa, R.L., Jothimurugesan, K., and Raje, A.P. (2002). Iron-based Fisher-Tropsch catalysts and methods of making and using, Application no.7067562.Search in Google Scholar
Fei, J., Hou, Z., Zhu, B., Lou, H., and Zheng, X. (2006a). Synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) on modified HY zeolite and modified HY zeolite-supported Cu–Mn–Zn catalysts. Appl. Catal. Gen. 304: 49–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2006.02.019.Search in Google Scholar
Fei, J.H., Tang, X.J., Huo, Z.Y., Lou, H., and Zheng, X.M. (2006b). Effect of copper content on Cu–Mn–Zn/zeolite-Y catalysts for the synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas. Catal. Commun. 7: 827–831, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2006.03.007.Search in Google Scholar
Fei, Q., Guarnieri, M.T., Tao, L., Laurens, L.M.L., Dowe, N., and Pienkos, P.T. (2014). Bioconversion of natural gas to liquid fuel: opportunities and challenges. Biotechnol. Adv. 32: 596–614, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
From, T.N., Partoon, B., Rautenbach, M., Østberg, M., Bentien, A., Aasberg-Petersen, K., and Mortensen, P.M. (2024). Electrified steam methane reforming of biogas for sustainable syngas manufacturing and next-generation of plant design: a pilot plant study. Chem. Eng. J. 479: 147205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.147205.Search in Google Scholar
Ge, Q., Huang, Y., Qiu, F., and Li, S. (1998). Bifunctional catalysts for conversion of synthesis gas to dimethyl ether. Appl. Catal. Gen. 167: 23–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(97)00290-1.Search in Google Scholar
Goldwasser, M., Rivas, M., Pietri, E., Pérez-Zurita, M., Cubeiro, M., Gingembre, L., Leclercq, L., and Leclercq, G. (2003). Perovskites as catalysts precursors: CO2 reforming of CH4 on Ln1−xCaxRu0.8Ni0.2O3 (Ln = La, Sn, Nd). Appl. Catal. Gen. 255: 45–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(03)00643-4.Search in Google Scholar
Golosman, E.Z. and Efremov, V.N. (2012). Industrial catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbon oxides. Catal. Ind. 4: 267–283, https://doi.org/10.1134/s2070050412040071.Search in Google Scholar
Guo, J., Lou, H., Zhao, H., Chai, D., and Zheng, X. (2004). Dry reforming of methane over nickel catalysts supported on magnesium aluminate spinels. Appl. Catal. Gen. 273: 75–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.06.014.Search in Google Scholar
Hamidzadeh, Z., Sattari, S., Soltanieh, M., and Vatani, A. (2020). Development of a multi-objective decision-making model to recover flare gases in a multi flare gases zone. Energy 203: 117815, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117815.Search in Google Scholar
Harrison, G.H. and Sahel, A. (2023). Optimal profitable allocation of associated natural gas resource on a countrywide basis to mitigate flaring. Energy Rep. 10: 2551–2566, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.09.015.Search in Google Scholar
Hinderaker, L. and Njaa, S. (2010). Proceedings of the SPE Russian oil and gas conference and exhibition, October, 2010: utilization of associated petroleum gas (APG) — the Norwegian experience.10.2118/136316-RUSearch in Google Scholar
Horn, R. and Schlögl, R. (2015). Methane activation by heterogeneous catalysis. Catal. Lett. 145: 23–39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-014-1417-z.Search in Google Scholar
Hur, D.H., Nguyen, T.T., Kim, D., and Lee, E.Y. (2017). Selective bio-oxidation of propane to acetone using methane-oxidizing Methylomonas sp. DH-1. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 44: 1097–1105, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-017-1936-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hussain, I., Ganiyu, S.A., Alasiri, H., and Alhooshani, K. (2023). Catalytic technologies for direct oxidation of methane to methanol: a critical tutorial on current trends, future perspectives, and techno-feasibility assessment. Coord. Chem. Rev. 497: 215438, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215438.Search in Google Scholar
Ibitoye, F.I. (2014). Ending natural gas flaring in Nigeria’s oil fields. J. Sustain. Dev. 7: 13–22, https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v7n3p13.Search in Google Scholar
Ismagilov, Z.R., Khairulin, S.R., Filippov, A.G., Mazgarov, A.M., and Vildanov, A.F. (2017). Direct heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulphide for associated petroleum gas treatment. Chem. Sustain. Dev. 25: 535–543.Search in Google Scholar
Ismail, O.S. and Umukoro, G.E. (2012). Global impact of gas Flaring. Energy Power Eng. 4: 290–302, https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2012.44039.Search in Google Scholar
Ji, S.F., Xiao, T.C., Li, S.B., Xu, C.Z., Hou, R.L., Coleman, K.S., and Green, M.L.H. (2002). The relationship between the structure and the performance of Na-W-Mn/SiO2 catalysts for the oxidative coupling of methane. Appl. Catal. Gen. 225: 271–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00864-x.Search in Google Scholar
Ji, Y., Mao, G., Wang, Y., and Bartlam, M. (2013). Structural insights into diversity and n-alkane biodegradation mechanisms of alkane hydroxylases. Front. Microbiol. 4: 58, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00058.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kalla, R. and Jansson, P. (2013). Converting low quality gas into a valuable power source. Wartsila Tech. J. 1: 61–65.Search in Google Scholar
Kang, S.H., Bae, J.W., Jun, K.W., and Potdar, H.S. (2008). Dimethyl ether synthesis from syngas over the composite catalysts of Cu–ZnO–Al2O3/Zr-modified zeolites. Catal. Commun. 9: 2035–2039, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2008.03.046.Search in Google Scholar
Kapteijn, F. and Moulijn, J.A. (2022). Structured catalysts and reactors – perspectives for demanding applications. Catal. Today 383: 5–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.09.026.Search in Google Scholar
Keshav, T.R. and Basu, S. (2007). Gas-to-liquid technologies: India’s perspective. Fuel Process. Technol 88: 493–500.10.1016/j.fuproc.2006.12.006Search in Google Scholar
Khakdaman, H.R. and Sadaghiani, K. (2007). Separation of catalyst particles and wax from effluent of a Fischer–Tropsch slurry reactor using supercritical hexane. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 85: 263–268, https://doi.org/10.1205/cherd06034.Search in Google Scholar
Khaleel, A.T., Abutaqiya, M.I.L., Sisco, C.J., and Vargas, F.M. (2020). Mitigation of asphaltene deposition by re-injection of dead oil. Fluid Phase Equil. 514: 112552, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2020.112552.Search in Google Scholar
Kidnay, A.J., Parrish, W.R., and McCartney, D.G. (2014). Fundamentals of natural gas processing, 2nd ed. Taylor &. Francis Group, Boca Raton, CRC Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kikhtyanin, O.V., Urzhuntsev, G.A., Dudarev, S.V., Toktarev, A.V., and Echevsky, G.V. (2007). Catalyst for aromatization of light hydrocarbons, method of its preparation and method for producing aromatic hydrocarbons, Application no. 2302291 (In Russian).Search in Google Scholar
Kopylov, A.Yu., Mazgarov, A.M., Kopylov, Yu.P., Mingazov, A.M., and Efremov, R.A. (2013). Proceedings of the international conference “catalytic processes of oil refining, petrochemistry and ecology”, October 14–16, 2013: modern technologies for the preparation and processing of hydrocarbon gases. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk, (In Russian).Search in Google Scholar
Kumar, S., Kumar, S., and Prajapati, J.K. (2009). Hydrogen production by partial oxidation of methane: modeling and simulation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 34: 6655–6668, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.043.Search in Google Scholar
Lange, J.P. (2001). Methanol synthesis: a short review of technology improvements. Catal. Today 64: 3–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(00)00503-4.Search in Google Scholar
Latimer, A.A., Kakekhani, A., Kulkarni, A.R., and Nørskov, J.K. (2018). Direct methane to methanol: the selectivity-conversion limit and design strategies. ACS Catal. 8: 6894–6907, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b00220.Search in Google Scholar
Li, D., Shishido, T., Oumi, Y., Sano, T., and Takehira, K. (2007). Self-activation and self-regenerative activity of trace Rh-doped Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts in steam reforming of methane. Appl. Catal. Gen. 332: 98–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2007.08.008.Search in Google Scholar
Mahlanen, T. and Karlsson, S. (2011). Method of operating a gas engine plant and fuel feeding system of a gas engine, Application no. 7866161.Search in Google Scholar
Mahmoudi, H., Mahmoudi, M., Doustdar, O., Jahangiri, H., Tsolakis, A., Gu, S., and Wyszynski, M.L. (2017). A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation. Biofuels Eng. 2: 11–31, https://doi.org/10.1515/bfuel-2017-0002.Search in Google Scholar
Makaryan, I.A., Salgansky, E.A., Arutyunov, V.S., and Sedov, I.V. (2023). Non-catalytic partial oxidation of hydrocarbon gases to syngas and hydrogen: a systematic review. Energies 16: 2916, https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062916.Search in Google Scholar
Mazloomi, K. and Gomes, C. (2012). Hydrogen as an energy carrier: prospects and challenges. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16: 3024–3033, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.028.Search in Google Scholar
Meleloe, K. and Walwyn, D. (2016). Success factors for the commercialisation of gas-to-liquids technology. S. Afr. J. Bus. Manag. 47: 63–72, https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v47i3.69.Search in Google Scholar
Meuly, W.C. (1975). Process for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from gaseous streams by catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur while inhibiting the formation of sulfur oxides, application no. US4009251A.Search in Google Scholar
Mohammad, N., Bepari, S., Aravamudhan, S., and Kuila, D. (2019). Kinetics of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis in a 3-D printed stainless steel microreactor using different mesoporous silica supported Co-Ru catalysts. Catalysts 9: 872, https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9100872.Search in Google Scholar
Mohammad, N., Abrokwah, R.Y., Stevens-Boyd, R.G., Aravamudhan, S., and Kuila, D. (2020). Fischer-Tropsch studies in a 3D-printed stainless steel microchannel microreactor coated with cobalt-based bimetallic-MCM-41 catalysts. Catal. Today 358: 303–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.02.020.Search in Google Scholar
Moon, D.J., Ryu, J.W., and Lee, S.D. (2004). Carbon dioxide reduction technology with SOFC system. In: Park, S.E., Chang, J.S., and Lee, K.W. (Eds.). Studies in surface science and catalysis, Vol. 153. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 193–196.10.1016/S0167-2991(04)80246-5Search in Google Scholar
Moreno-Couranjou, M., Monthioux, M., Gonzalez-Aguilar, J., and Fulcheri, L. (2009). A non-thermal plasma process for the gas phase synthesis of carbon nanoparticles. Carbon 47: 2310–2321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2009.04.003.Search in Google Scholar
Neftegaz, R.U. (2013). Alternative comprehensive technologies for processing associated petroleum gases. Neftegaz.RU, (In Russian). Available at: <https://neftegaz.ru/science/booty/331950-alternativnye-kompleksnye-tekhnologii-pererabotki-poputnykh-neftyanykh-gazov/> (Accessed 22 March 2024).Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, B.N.T. and Leclerc, C.A. (2008). Catalytic partial oxidation of methyl acetate as a model to investigate the conversion of methyl esters to hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 33: 1295–1303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.11.024.Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, T.T., Hwang, I.Y., Na, J.G., and Lee, E.Y. (2019). Biological conversion of propane to 2-propanol using group I and II methanotrophs as biocatalysts. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 46: 675–685, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-019-02141-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Nikitin, A.V., Ozerskii, A.V., Afaunov, A.A., Sedov, I.V., Savchenko, V.I., and Arutyunov, V.S. (2018). Effect of hydrogen addition on oxidative cracking of ethane. Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 91: 1767–1772, https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427218110058.Search in Google Scholar
NIPIgazpererabotka (2014). Preparation and processing of associated petroleum gas in Russia. PJSC “NIPIgazpererabotka”, Krasnodar, Russia.Search in Google Scholar
Novochinskii, I.I., Song, C., Ma, X., Liu, X., Shore, L., Lampert, J., and Farrauto, R.J. (2004). Low-temperature H2S removal from steam-containing gas mixtures with ZnO for fuel cell application. 1. ZnO particles and extrudates. Energy Fuel. 18: 576–583, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef030137l.Search in Google Scholar
Oder, R.R. (2007). Magnetic separation of nanometer size iron catalyst from Fischer-Tropsch wax. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 163: 337–344, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(07)80487-3.Search in Google Scholar
Oh, S.H., Hwang, I.Y., Lee, O.K., Won, W., and Lee, E.Y. (2019). Development and optimization of the biological conversion of ethane to ethanol using whole-cell methanotrophs possessing methane monooxygenase. Molecules 24: 1–9, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030591.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ozerskii, A.V., Nikitin, A.V., Sedov, I.V., Fokin, I.G., Savchenko, V.I., and Arutyunov, V.S. (2018). Production of ethylene, CO, and hydrogen by oxidative cracking of oil refinery gas components. Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 91: 2065–2075, https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427218120200.Search in Google Scholar
Pakhare, D. and Spivey, J. (2014). A review of dry (CO2) reforming of methane over noble metal catalysts. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43: 7813–7837, https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs60395d.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Parfenov, V.E., Nikitchenko, N.V., Pimenov, A.A., Kuzmin, A., Kulikova, M., Chupichev, O.B., and Maksimov, A.L. (2020). Methane pyrolysis for hydrogen production: specific features of using molten metals. Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 93: 625–632, https://doi.org/10.1134/s1070427220050018.Search in Google Scholar
Park, S., Jung, I., Lee, Y., Kshetrimayum, K.S., Na, J., Park, S., Shin, S., Ha, D., Lee, Y., Chung, J., et al.. (2016). Design of microchannel Fischer–Tropsch reactor using cell-coupling method: effect of flow configurations and distribution. Chem. Eng. Sci. 143: 63–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2015.12.012.Search in Google Scholar
PFC Energy (2007). Using Russia’s associated gas, Available at: <https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/919941468092955282/pdf/713820WP0P10230C00pfc0energy0report.pdf> (Accessed 29 March 2024).Search in Google Scholar
Potemkin, D.I., Uskov, S.I., Brayko, A.S., Pakharukova, V.P., Snytnikov, P.V., Kirillov, V.A., and Sobyanin, V.A. (2021). Flare gases processing over highly dispersed Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 catalysts for methanotroph-based biorefinery. Catal. Today 379: 205–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.06.070.Search in Google Scholar
Putrasari, Y. and Lim, O. (2021). Dimethyl ether as the next generation fuel to control nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions from internal combustion engines: a review. ACS Omega 7: 32–37, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c03885.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Qi, A., Wang, S., Ni, C., and Wu, D. (2007). Autothermal reforming of gasoline on Rh-based monolithic catalysts. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 32: 981–991, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.06.072.Search in Google Scholar
Recupero, V., Pino, L., Di, L.R., Lagana, M., and Maggio, G. (1998). Hydrogen generator, via catalytic partial oxidation of methane for fuel cells. J. Power Sources 71: 208–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(97)02798-5.Search in Google Scholar
Rollmann, L. (1972). Process of converting aliphatics to aromatics, Application no. 3761389.Search in Google Scholar
Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R. (Ed.) (1984). Catalytic steam reforming. Springer, Berlin.10.1007/978-3-642-93247-2_1Search in Google Scholar
Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R. and Christiansen, L.J. (2011). Concepts in syngas manufacture, 10th ed. Imperial College Press, London.10.1142/9781848165687Search in Google Scholar
Savchenko, V.I., Arutyunov, V.S., Fokin, I.G., Nikitin, A.V., and Sedov, I.V. (2017). Adjustment of the fuel characteristics of wet and associated petroleum gases by partial oxidation of C2+ hydrocarbons. Petrol. Chem. 57: 236–243, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0965544117020232.Search in Google Scholar
Schwarz, H. (2011). Chemistry with methane: concepts rather than recipes. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 50: 10096–10115, https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201006424.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Seo, Y.S., Shirley, A., and Kolaczkowski, S.T. (2002). Evaluation of thermodynamically favourable operating conditions for production of hydrogen in three different reforming technologies. J. Power Sources 108: 213–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00027-7.Search in Google Scholar
Shikada, T., Ohno, Y., Ogawa, T., Ono, M., Mizuguchi, M., Tomura, K., and Fujimoto, K. (1998). Direct synthesis of dimethyl ether form synthesis gas. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. 119: 515–520, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(98)80483-7.Search in Google Scholar
Sierra, I., Eren, J., Aguayo, A.T., Arandes, J.M., and Bilbao, J. (2010). Regeneration of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 94: 108–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.10.026.Search in Google Scholar
Simeone, M., Salemme, L., Scognamiglio, D., Allouis, C., and Volpicelli, G. (2008). Effect of water addition and stoichiometry variations on temperature profiles in an autothermal methane reforming reactor with Ni catalyst. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 33: 1252–1261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.12.034.Search in Google Scholar
Smith, C., Hill, A.K., and Torrente-Murciano, L. (2020). Current and future role of Haber–Bosch ammonia in a carbon-free energy landscape. Energy Environ. Sci. 13: 331–344, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee02873k.Search in Google Scholar
Snytnikov, P. and Potemkin, D. (2022). Flare gas monetization and greener hydrogen production via combination with cryptocurrency mining and carbon dioxide capture. iScience 25: 103769, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.103769.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Snytnikov, P.V., Potemkin, D.I., Uskov, S.I., Kurochkin, A.V., Kirillov, V.A., and Sobyanin, V.A. (2018). Approaches to utilizing flare gases at oil and gas fields: a review. Catal. Ind. 10: 202–216, https://doi.org/10.1134/s207005041803011x.Search in Google Scholar
Sobolev, V.I., Dubkov, K.A., Panna, O.V., and Panov, G.I. (1995). Selective oxidation of methane to methanol on a FeZSM-5 surface. Catal. Today 24: 251–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(95)00035-e.Search in Google Scholar
Soltanieh, M., Zohrabian, A., Gholipour, M.J., and Kalnay, E. (2016). A review of global gas flaring and venting and impact on the environment: case study of Iran. Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control 49: 488–509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.02.010.Search in Google Scholar
Steacy, P.C. (1984a). Dehydrocyclodimerization process, Application no. 4528412.Search in Google Scholar
Steacy, P.C. (1984b). Dehydrocyclodimerization process, Application no. 4547205.Search in Google Scholar
Strong, P.J., Kalyuzhnaya, M., Silverman, J., and Clarke, W.P. (2016). A methanotroph-based biorefinery: potential scenarios for generating multiple products from a single fermentation. Bioresour. Technol. 215: 314–323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.099.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Tao, X., Bai, M., Li, X., Long, H., Shang, S., Yin, Y., and Dai, X. (2011). CH4-CO2 reforming by plasma – challenges and opportunities. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 37: 113–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.05.001.Search in Google Scholar
Todić, B., Ordomsky, V.V., Nikačević, N.M., Khodakov, A.Y., and Bukur, D.B. (2015). Opportunities for intensification of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis through reduced formation of methane over cobalt catalysts in microreactors. Catal. Sci. Technol. 5: 1400–1411, https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cy01547a.Search in Google Scholar
Tu, X. and Whitehead, J.C. (2012). Plasma-catalytic dry reforming of methane in an atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge: understanding the synergistic effect at low temperature. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 125: 439–448, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.06.006.Search in Google Scholar
Tu, X. and Whitehead, J.C. (2014). Plasma dry reforming of methane in an atmospheric pressure AC gliding arc discharge: co-generation of syngas and carbon nanomaterials. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39: 9658–9669, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.073.Search in Google Scholar
Urasaki, K., Sekine, Y., Kawabe, S., Kikuchi, E., and Matsuka-ta, M. (2005). Catalytic activities and coking resistance of Ni/perovskites in steam reforming of methane. Appl. Catal. Gen. 286: 23–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2005.02.020.Search in Google Scholar
Uskov, S.I., Potemkin, D.I., Shigarov, A.B., Snytnikov, P.V., Kirillov, V.A., and Sobyanin, V.A. (2019). Low-temperature steam conversion of flare gases for various applications. Chem. Eng. J. 368: 533–540, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.189.Search in Google Scholar
Visconti, C.G., Panzeri, M., Groppi, G., and Tronconi, E. (2024). Heat transfer intensification in compact tubular reactors with cellular internals: a pilot-scale assessment of highly conductive packed-POCS with skin applied to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Chem. Eng. J. 481: 148469, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.148469.Search in Google Scholar
VNIIGAZ (All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Natural Gases and Gas Technologies) (2000). Electrical units with piston and gas turbine drives running on natural gas for small power plants, Collection of industry normative documents. VNIIGAZ, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, (In Russian).Search in Google Scholar
Vovk, V.S., Zaichenko, V.M., and Krylova, A.U. (2019). New direction of associated petroleum gas utilization. Oil Ind. J. 2019: 94–97, https://doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2019-10-94-97.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, J., Li, G., Li, Z., Tang, C., Feng, Z., An, H., Liu, H., Liu, T., and Li, C. (2017a). A highly selective and stable ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Sci. Adv. 3: e1701290, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701290.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Wang, V.C.-C., Maji, S., Chen, P.P.-Y., Lee, H.K., Yu, S.S.-F., and Chan, S.I. (2017b). Alkane oxidation: methane monooxygenases, related enzymes, and their biomimetics. Chem. Rev. 117: 8574–8621, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00624.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wismann, S.T., Engbæk, J.S., Vendelbo, S.B., Bendixen, F.B., Eriksen, W.L., Aasberg-Petersen, K., Frandsen, C.K., Chorkendorff, I., and Mortensen, P.M. (2019a). Electrified methane reforming: a compact approach to greener industrial hydrogen production. Science 364: 756–759, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw8775.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wismann, S.T., Engbæk, J.S., Vendelbo, S.B., Eriksen, W.L., Frandsen, C., Mortensen, P.M., and Chorkendorff, I. (2019b). Electrified methane reforming: understanding the dynamic interplay. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 58: 23380–23388, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04182.Search in Google Scholar
Wismann, S.T., Engbæk, J.S., Vendelbo, S.B., Eriksen, W.L., Frandsen, C., Mortensen, P.M., and Chorkendorff, I. (2021). Electrified methane reforming: elucidating transient phenomena. Chem. Eng. J. 425: 131509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131509.Search in Google Scholar
World Bank (2022). Global gas flaring data. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/gasflaringreduction/global-flaring-data (Accessed 11 March 2024).Search in Google Scholar
Xu, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, J., Chang, L., Zhou, R., and Duan, Z. (2001). Bound-state Ni species – a superior form in Ni-based catalyst for CH4/CO2 reforming. Appl. Catal. Gen. 210: 45–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(00)00798-5.Search in Google Scholar
Yashnik, S.A., Salnikov, A.V., Kerzhentsev, M.A., Saraev, A.A., Kaichev, V.V., Khitsova, L.M., Ismagilov, Z.R., Yamin, J., and Koseoglu, O.R. (2016). Effect of the nature of sulfur compounds on their reactivity in the oxidative desulfurization of hydrocarbon fuels with oxygen over a modified CuZnAlO catalyst. Kinet. Catal. 58: 58–72, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0023158417010128.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Feng, Z., Jia, X., Liang, M., Men, Z., Zhang, Y., Bu, Y., and Li, W. (2013). High gradient magnetic separation of catalyst/wax mixture in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: modeling and experimental study. Chem. Eng. Sci. 99: 28–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2013.05.005.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, F., Zhao, P., Niu, M., and Maddy, J. (2016). The survey of key technologies in hydrogen energy storage. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41: 14535–14552, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.293.Search in Google Scholar
Zheng, X., Yumin, L., Jiyan, Z., Liu, C., Rongqi, Z., and Zhanting, D. (2001). Bound-state Ni species – a superior form in Ni-based catalyst for CH4/CO2 reforming. Appl. Catal. Gen. 210: 45–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(00)00798-5.Search in Google Scholar
Zyryanova, M.M., Snytnikov, P.V., Amosov, Yu. I., Belyaev, V.D., Kireenkov, V.V., Kuzin, N.A., Vernikovskaya, M.V., Kirillov, V.A., and Sobyanin, V.A. (2013). Upgrading of associated petroleum gas into methane-rich gas for power plant feeding applications. Technological and economic benefits. Fuel 108: 282–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.02.047.Search in Google Scholar
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston