Beyond-$\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{CDM}$ models have been proposed to address various shortcomings of the standard cosmological model, such as the “Hubble tension.” These models often have an impact on the discrepancy in the amplitude of matter clustering, the “${\sigma }_8$ tension.” To explore the interplay between the two tensions, we suggest a simple method to visualize the relation between the two parameters: $H_0$ and ${\sigma }_8$. For a given extension of the $\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{CDM}$ model and dataset, we plot the relation between $H_0$ and ${\sigma }_8$ for different amplitudes of the beyond-$\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{CDM}$ physics. In this work, we use this visualization method to illustrate the trend of selected cosmological models, including nonminimal Higgs-like inflation, early dark energy, a varying effective electron mass, an extra number of relativistic species and modified dark energy models. Although already studied in the literature, some of these models have not been analyzed in view of the two joint tensions. We stress that the method used here could be a useful diagnostic tool to illustrate the behavior of complex cosmological models with many parameters in the context of the $H_0$ and ${\sigma }_8$ tensions.

• Received 1 December 2023
• Accepted 18 April 2024

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.103525