The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the progression of human diseases, especially cancer. In recent decades, there has been accumulating evidence of the connections between the gut microbiota and cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, understanding the functional role of the gut microbiota in regulating immune responses to cancer immunotherapy is crucial for developing precision medicine. In this review, we extract insights from state-of-the-art research to decipher the complicated crosstalk among the gut microbiota, the systemic immune system, and immunotherapy in the context of cancer. Additionally, as the gut microbiota can account for immune-related adverse events, we discuss potential interventions to minimize these adverse effects and discuss the clinical application of five microbiota-targeted strategies that precisely increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Finally, as the gut microbiota holds promising potential as a target for precision cancer immunotherapeutics, we summarize current challenges and provide a general outlook on future directions in this field.

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肠道微生物群在免疫反应和癌症免疫治疗中的关键作用

肠道微生物群在人类疾病，尤其是癌症的进展中起着至关重要的作用。近几十年来，越来越多的证据表明肠道微生物群与癌症免疫治疗之间存在联系。因此，了解肠道微生物群在调节癌症免疫治疗免疫反应中的功能作用对于开发精准医学至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们从最先进的研究中提取见解，以破译癌症背景下肠道微生物群、全身免疫系统和免疫治疗之间复杂的串扰。此外，由于肠道微生物群可以解释免疫相关的不良事件，我们讨论了尽量减少这些不良影响的潜在干预措施，并讨论了五种针对微生物群的策略的临床应用，这些策略可以精确地提高癌症免疫疗法的功效。最后，由于肠道微生物群作为精准癌症免疫治疗的靶标具有广阔的潜力，我们总结了当前的挑战，并对该领域的未来方向进行了总体展望。